‘verily, verily’), and the nature of the referent (for example, the associations of ναός ‘tabernacle,’ κύων ‘dog,’ and χοῖρος ‘pig’). This means that in determining associative meanings there are a number of dimensions: levels of formality (ritual, formal, informal, casual, and intimate), time (archaic, obsolete, obsolescent, contemporary, modern), social class (highbrow to vulgar), sex (men’s versus women’s speech), age (adults, youth, children), and education (highly educated to illiterate).